The implementation of energy efficiency measures is crucial for low-carbon development, a reliable energy supply and the country’s energy security. One of the steps in implementing such measures is the introduction of new and modernisation of existing district heating systems, which allow for balanced resource use, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the environment, and simplified operation and maintenance of buildings. The aim of the study was to compare the quantities of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions generated during the production of thermal energy by individual and centralised heat supply systems in a residential building. A 72-apartment residential building was examined, the building envelope of which meets modern thermal engineering requirements. In the autonomous heating supply scenario, the heat sources were individual gas-fired double-circuit boilers, whereas in the centralised heating supply system, thermal energy was generated by a gas-fired boiler house. The amount of emissions released into the environment under individual heat supply was calculated in accordance with the Methodology for determining emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air from the use of fuel for domestic purposes in households. The amount of emissions released into the environment under centralised heat supply was calculated in accordance with the Sectoral Methodology for Calculating Harmful Emissions from Heat-Generating Installations of the Municipal Heat and Power Sector. The pollutants and greenhouse gases whose emissions are accounted for by these methodologies include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds. It has been established that individual heat supply to a residential building generates 881.78 t/year of anthropogenic emissions, of which 879.96 t/year are greenhouse gases, whilst centralised heating generates 707.27 t/year of anthropogenic emissions, of which 703.52 t/year are greenhouse gases. The research results show that the use of centralised heat supply in a residential building generates 176.44 t/year less greenhouse gases than individual heat supply, i.e. a 20.0% reduction in emissions is observed